Sources and References
Islamic inheritance is a specialised area of Islamic jurisprudence. Rather than presenting calculations without explanation, Mizaanly makes the underlying reference framework visible. This page lists what that framework contains.
For how these references are applied in a calculation, see our methodology page.
Why we publish this
A Faraid result affects what a family receives. Anyone relying on one is entitled to see the basis for it — which verse, which narration, which juristic position, and which school. Publishing the reference framework lets a scholar or a solicitor check our working rather than take the output on trust.
The references below are those represented in the Mizaanly calculation framework and in our written guidance. They are associated with the specific rules they support rather than presented as a general bibliography.
Qur'anic sources
Three passages of Surah An-Nisa carry the prescribed shares. Each is held in the engine with its Arabic text, an English translation and its reference.
| Passage | What it establishes |
|---|---|
| An-Nisa 4:11 | Prescribed shares involving children and parents. A principal foundation of the Faraid system. |
| An-Nisa 4:12 | Shares of spouses and of maternal half-siblings, and the kalalah case. |
| An-Nisa 4:176 | Kalalah completion — full and paternal siblings. |
Hadith sources
Prophetic guidance supplies rules the Qur'anic passages do not state directly. The calculation framework currently holds three narrations, linked to their source records where available:
| Subject | Reference |
|---|---|
| The grandmother’s one sixth | Sunan Abi Dawud 2894; Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi 2101 |
| The son’s daughter’s share | Sahih al-Bukhari 6736 |
| The grandfather-and-siblings dispute | Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah |
Collections cited across the framework include Sahih al-Bukhari, Sunan al-Bayhaqi and Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah, alongside Sunan Abi Dawud, Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi and Al-Muwatta’.
Classical fiqh works
The calculation framework contains references to established works of Islamic jurisprudence, attached to the specific rules and madhab positions they support. The works currently referenced are:
| Work | Principally referenced for |
|---|---|
| Al-Sirajiyyah | Hanafi Faraid rules |
| Radd al-Muhtar | Hanafi positions, including the grandfather and the treatment of a surplus |
| Al-Hidayah | Hanafi positions |
| Al-Umm | Shafi’i positions |
| Mughni al-Muhtaj | Shafi’i positions, including the grandfather scenarios |
| Al-Mudawwanah | Maliki positions, including the classical treatment of a surplus |
| Bidayat al-Mujtahid | Comparative treatment across the schools |
| Al-Muwatta’ | Early Maliki transmission |
| Al-Mughni | Hanbali positions |
| Kashshaf al-Qina’ | Hanbali positions |
These works are referenced within the calculation framework in support of the rules they are attached to. Listing a work here records that it is referenced; it is not a claim that every citation has been independently checked line by line against a particular printed edition.
Radd references by school
Because the treatment of a surplus is the point at which the schools most visibly diverge, the references for each position are set out separately. The position Mizaanly applies is described on the methodology page.
| Madhab | Position applied | Referenced works |
|---|---|---|
| Hanafi | Spouse excluded; surplus returned to the remaining Dhul-Furud heirs | Al-Hidayah; Radd al-Muhtar |
| Shafi’i | Spouse excluded; no Radd mechanism, classical bayt al-mal treatment | Al-Umm; Mughni al-Muhtaj |
| Maliki (classical) | Spouse excluded; classical bayt al-mal treatment | Al-Mudawwanah; Bidayat al-Mujtahid |
| Hanbali | Spouse excluded; surplus returned to the remaining Dhul-Furud heirs | Al-Mughni; Kashshaf al-Qina’ |
UK legal sources
Where Mizaanly discusses the legal administration of an estate in the United Kingdom, the sources are official ones and are linked directly wherever a legal proposition matters to understanding the guidance:
- Wills Act 1837 — execution requirements for a valid will
- Administration of Estates Act 1925 — intestacy and estate administration
- Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975
- GOV.UK — who inherits if someone dies without a will
- SRA — using a solicitor
- Law of Property Act 1925; Adoption and Children Act 2002; Succession (Scotland) Act 1964, where relevant to a particular guide
- HMRC guidance, where Inheritance Tax is discussed
Where a threshold or figure can change, our guidance is written so that it can be updated, and the relevant statutory instrument is named.
Religious rules and UK law are different
A Faraid calculation describes the Islamic inheritance position according to the selected methodology. It does not by itself determine how an estate will legally be administered in England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland.
Where a page discusses both, Mizaanly aims to make clear which statement relates to Islamic jurisprudence and which relates to UK law. The two should not be blurred into a single claim, in either direction: UK law is not Islamic inheritance law, and a Faraid result is not a civil-law entitlement.
How references are used
References are associated with the individual rules they support rather than being presented as a generic bibliography. Where a rule is disputed between the schools, the references for each position are recorded alongside that position, so the basis of a madhab-specific result can be traced.
Because Islamic inheritance includes areas of genuine scholarly disagreement, the existence of more than one recognised position does not mean one source is in error. Where appropriate, Mizaanly identifies the relevant madhab-specific position rather than presenting a single view as settled.
Islamic inheritance subject matter is selected and reviewed by the scholars associated with Mizaanly, and material requiring verification is checked as part of the review process before publication. Our editorial policy sets out how that review works.
Sources in individual guides
Individual Mizaanly guides carry their own “Sources and Further Reading” sections relevant to their specific subject. This page provides the wider framework; a guide will often give more precise references for the rules it discusses.
Feedback on sources
If you believe a source reference is inaccurate, incomplete or incorrectly applied, please contact us. Please identify the page and, where possible, the specific source or statement you believe requires correction.
We appreciate informed corrections, and will investigate genuine concerns and correct confirmed errors as soon as reasonably possible.
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